Carrie Kelley (author) from USA on January 02, 2020: Hi Linda, You're welcome! CraftyJen has seen others doing the wave paintings using acrylic pouring techniques on canvas and attempted to create one of her own. The paint will start to thicken within a few minutes or so. This type of painting can also be done using craft acrylic paint (found at arts & craft supply stores) with a slight change in the recipe. If your acrylic pouring color mix was over-diluted with Floetrol and/or water, then crazing may happen even if you have enough humidity in your studio. Leave the edges of the canvas (sides) uncovered so the paint can drip down and cover these. on July 04, 2020: I absolutely love pour painting! Or how much Glue All could I buy and get around the problem on a previous email about how much paint and medium do I need for 2 - 8x10 canvases for 8 girls? After that, she demonstrates some of her techniques using Golden Fluid & High Flow acrylics and Liquitex Pouring Medium (GAC800). The steps and recipe shown here are just one of many ways to do a pour painting. It's all up to you. A ratio of 2 parts pouring medium to one part acrylic and one part isopropyl alcohol will give great results. You can achieve different variations of ‘flow’ that will still work for painting, so an exact measurement of water isn’t needed. Leave some paint in a few of your cups in case you need extra to cover any bare spots during Step 7. Any residual stains can be removed with some isopropyl alcohol on a cotton pad. This is optional and depends on what type of look you'd like. thank you for your clear and objective teaching style. Nice and clear with good detail, including the photos. Also looking for color combinations since I have NO artist eye. Light up the night with these awesome glow in the dark exploding paint. I tried this recipe and process with $1 bottles of satin finish acrylic craft paints in similar shades of blues, aqua, green, white, and silver, and the painting turned out nicely. Great article. If you pour an especially thick layer of paint, it could take longer. I have heard of a product that gives it a nice sheen, don’t recall what it’s called. Thank you for the tutorial, I’m just wondering can I do this on wood please. I have 2 - 16 2oz acrylic paints (I got it on sale, so 32 oz in all of 2 colors each. Thanks for your question! Continue tilting in different directions until the entire canvas surface and sides are covered and you're happy with the overall composition and look of your painting. I used a cardboard box for this. Cover each cup tightly with some plastic wrap and secure it well with a rubber band. Sometimes colors are poured directly from individual cups, and other times multiple colors are combined into one cup and poured together. Cup 9 - One of the six colors of your choice. The colorful paint drips on the side of the canvas can enhance the overall look of your painting. Cushion. The most common is linseed oil, stand oil (a less liquid version not suitable for acrylic pouring), and walnut oil (not shown). 8. I like using empty metal soup size cans because they raise the canvas and are stable enough that they won't tip. Homemade Paint Recipes for Children 7. Thank you! An awesome non-toxic glow in the dark paint recipe perfect for kids’ crafts. You may like it or not but it shows that there are many ways fluid acrylics can be poured and spread around the canvas creating a mesmerizing effect. I did a dirty pour on a piece of glass. Place your canvas on a raised surface. You never quite know how all the colors will come together until you get to this point. Puddle Pour: This consists of simply pouring your prepared paint colors on top of a surface that’s been covered in a layer of paint to help the paint flow easier. Slowly stir each cup with a wood craft stick until the paint and pouring medium mixture is completely blended. I thought it was just going to be this fun little project. My only question is after you prep canvas, do you pour a white paint on the entire canvas prior to your pour to help paint slide when you tilt. Thanks again! Golden GAC 800 (The 8-ounce bottle is more than enough), Liquitex Soft Body Acrylic Paints (2-ounce bottles), 9 Small Plastic Beverage Cups (3-ounce cups work well), Regular Wood Craft Sticks (popsicle stick size). Easy FREE crochet baby blanket patterns you can... How to make DIY chunky knit blanket (arm... How to draw flowers and turn these drawings... How to crochet Bobble Stitch (easy step-by-step tutorial). Use a stir stick to mix the paint and medium together. It turned out to be really artsy! You will want to pour off enough paint so there's not a thick puddle on the surface without pouring off the best parts of your design. Carrie Kelley (author) from USA on August 14, 2019: You're welcome, Pat. I just keep on learning. Then a hairdryer on a low setting was used to push the paint around. Sheri K. Acrylic Paint Pour With Feathered Gold Enamel Wall Art. Do I need more paint and do I need another bottle of GAC800? Thanks for sharing! Acrylic pouring authority figures do not recommend using organic oils stating that they will go rancid upon drying, will smell bad, and rot. I have watched video after video, but knew I needed more. I am NOT an artist, but I absolutely love doing this! The recipe for the Black Hole pouring example is here: Pour painting can be done with any liquid paints such as alcohol inks (see example above). As long as you cover your workspace well and wear disposable gloves while painting, clean up doesn't take much time. I'm glad you've found it helpful. Hello Mary, If you like cells, my article about Flip Cup Painting might be helpful to you. Acrylics applied with a brush can have a different texture than when they're poured, so try to be conservative with touch-ups so they aren't obvious. As an oil painter, I was keen to try different artistic styles and I am passionate about this technique. This will be my first I am using a 8x10 stretched canvas how much paint should I pour to be able to cover the whole canvas? I think you'll like pouring with either size canvas. Flat Paint Brush or 2-3" Polyfoam Sponge Brush, Aluminum Baking Pan (Approximately 9.5" x 13.5"). Even though acrylics are water soluble, they can be difficult to get out of clothing. A room with a door that can be closed if you have pets or young children so they won't accidentally touch or tip your painting. Interesting but I am not sure if that's how I would go. When in doubt, don't touch the surface because if it's not quite dry, you'll leave a fingerprint in the finish. Keeping the brush slightly damp will make it glide better. Palette knives can be used for various acrylic pour painting techniques. Silicone (a few drops) Acrylic paint (1 part) You can find a walk-through demonstration of this recipe in the video below. Wow! FluidArt experiments should inspire fluid artists to go beyond standard acrylic pouring recipes. The color and consistency of craft acrylics can vary a lot by brand, so you might need to adjust the amount used. It’s a good idea to wear an old apron or art smock to keep paint off your clothes. Gather Your Supplies. Don’t over-dilute your paint with Floetrol and water. I like it because it’s reasonably priced and easy to come by. Now, pour the colors you want in the painting layer by layer in one plastic cup. I am afraid I may not have bought enough of each. Thanks for your question. You might have many of these items around your home. The art supplies (canvas, acrylic paint, pouring medium, gesso, and paint brush) can be found at most art supply stores and on Amazon. Now we're at the step most pour painters love the most. Either way, both groups are constantly looking for new interesting acrylic pouring recipes, techniques, and pour painting tutorials thus pushing acrylic pouring art into the new territory of popular DIY projects. Many of those passionate DIY crafters call themselves pour painting or fluid artists and successfully sell their fluid art on Etsy, while others are just switching from coloring pages to something a bit more creative yet still relaxing and don’t care much about an art career. In this work, I only used the palette knife to push some paint over a few small areas of the canvas that were bare. As far as what kind of acrylic paint, craft paint, house paint … Once the stain has dried, it will be much more difficult to remove. A wood craft stick can be used to scrape the paint from the measuring spoon into the plastic cup. Carrie Kelley (author) from USA on May 23, 2019: Thanks, Abigail. There are also quite a number of people who use glue, silicon, and oils ranging from motor oil to coconut oil to either create cells or serve as pouring mediums. Paints were poured on a 10″x10″ canvas and moved around by slanting the canvas. If you use wood you'll need to get Gesso. Mary Gaines from Oak Harbor on Whidbey Island, Washington on June 17, 2020: This looks like so much fun! Dish Soap, Rubbing Alcohol (91%) or Silicone. Paintings created with the acrylic pouring technique take about two to three days to dry. Wonderful outdoor living spaces that combine comfort and... Prefab Tiny Houses You Can Order Online Right Now, Small farmhouse plans for building a home of your dreams. Add one level 1/4 teaspoon of Liquitex Soft Body paint in the colors and color combinations listed below to each cup. Her Dutch Paint Pour Recipe: Mix the acrylic paint with water only, no more than 50% ever. HELP?? There's a link to it in my profile. One of the most common problems that fluid art beginners face is cracking of the paint layer after it dried out. Do you have a pair of hands and a will to learn? I can not get cells which are so beautiful what’s the best recipe to get cells? Carrie Kelley (author) from USA on September 05, 2018: Thanks, RTalloni! Hi. Set the cups aside until you're ready to paint. Disclosure: Some of the links below are affiliate links, meaning, at no additional cost to you, I will earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. Learn how to do a pour painting in this tutorial for beginners. Julie - You're welcome. Great to watch and follow, very helpful, can't wait to try it. 2 - 8x10 canvases each. Carrie Kelley (author) from USA on April 18, 2019: Charlene - You're welcome! This informational demo is one of the best showcases of acrylic pouring medium techniques you can find online. The colour will sit on top of each other in some part and other parts it will sink in. Mix everything carefully until it is a homogeneous liquid. The painting dried with a glossy shine and the Iridescent Bright Silver catches the light. Tap water (for achieving desired viscosity). Thank You, Found very helpful an fun to watch.more fun to try ,i bet. Breaking the pour painting process down is very easy. A pour painting I created with the supplies and steps listed below. Craft acrylics aren't archival quality but are an option for practicing this technique or as a lower-cost alternative to artist brands. They're in a fluid formula that doesn't need to be thinned with water before using. This is a really good book for fluid art beginners. The paint mixture must be quite viscous so that it remains in a thick layer on the tile or painting surface. Thanks so much. If adding Floetrol is enough to reach the desired fluidity then you don’t need to add water at all. You can pour, splatter, drip whatever you like! Thanks for your comments! What’s the solution then? If any of the paint and pouring medium has separated, use a craft stick to blend it together. I feel out of my depth a little. brenda.neale1@virginmedia.com on January 01, 2020: I have found this tutorial very helpful clear and no nonsense approach thank you will look forward to others. Acrylic pouring is a fun and easy way to create one-of-a-kind works of art. It does not seem beyond my limited capabilities so I will give it a go as well. I hope I have enough Gesso. After looking at these acrylic pouring recipes and techniques, let’s mention one fun crafty DIY project that a growing number of “pour painting” art enthusiasts are doing now – making pendants, pins, earrings, and some other jewelry-type trinkets with pour paint leftovers. In a disposable cup, mix together equal parts acrylic paint and floetrol. I AM LEARNING TO MUCH! Thanks for all that super info. Box canvases come pre-primed with Gesso. If you use a plastic palette knife, it can be cleaned by wiping off the excess paint before cleaning it with warm water and dish detergent. To help contain the paint that will be dripping off the canvas, consider using an aluminum baking pan. Repeat steps 1-4 for each paint color, using a separate container for each color 6. Once it is complete, place the panel elevated so that all the excess paint drips down. I love your instructions and the final result. Try different colors and color combinations. Use a palette knife or wood craft stick to smooth some paint onto those sections. There will be 8 guests. I have tried it on a plain hard art paper. No amorphic cells here! Crazing acrylic occurs when the top layer of the acrylic pour painting dries faster than the bottom layer. The recipes are formulated for an 8″ x 11″ or 9″ x 9″ size canvas and provide the exact amounts of paints and other components needed for each pour. If you'd like to try different versions of the pour painting recipe, here are a few ideas: I hope you’ve found this tutorial informative and are inspired to try acrylic pouring. Try using a humidifier and see if it helps to keep the top acrylic layer moist. I hope you enjoy trying it. Step by step instructions on how to mix your paints with Acrylic Pour Studios' Floetrol Recipe to achieve the right consistency. Really appreciated it. I'm glad you've found it helpful. This type of aluminum baking pan can be found at dollar stores. The Dirty Pour. I am sorry for all of the questions. I'm sure you'll enjoy this type of painting. Mix your paint, either at a 1:1 for volume or weight depending on the natural thickness of your paint. and 8 oz GAC 800. 3 parts "Elmer's Glue All" (300 grams) 1 part water (100 grams) To use: Mix enough pouring medium into your acrylic paint until you get a heavy cream like consistency. Thanks for your comment. Experiment with other brands of artist quality fluid or high-flow acrylics. I'm glad you've enjoyed it. Carrie Kelley (author) from USA on March 13, 2019: You're welcome, Lorainne. You would also need to do your research and use fine art professionals’ expertise to learn if including silicone oil into any of your acrylic pouring recipes is compatible in any way with this museum-quality label. Thank you Joan. It's like undercoat, but a bit rougher. Please keep up the wonderful teaching. Simply take a piece of glass and gently press it into the paint, making sure … But as a non-artist, I would love more color combinations - PLEASE! In this pour painting tutorial, Mely shows how black, magenta, and white colors can be used for creating quite a dramatic artwork. Ok I want to know if there is anything else you can put in the paint to make it move. The little dots of color you see are from shaking out the last few drops of paint from some of the cups. Carrie Kelley (author) from USA on October 25, 2019: Jacque - Thanks! She pours the paint in a cup, adds a little bit of water and stirs, adding a little bit of water at a time to blend. Pour your first colour into the cup, and then pour in the next colour. Very, very rarely, it could be the fault of the paint company. Fascinating! This is an interesting pour painting experiment to watch which will create a complex symphony of colors on canvas using flip-and-drag technique plus a swiping acrylic pour medium technique. Something like this would be cool in the bottom of a serving tray if it could be sealed somehow. Thanks for your comments. For tips on acrylic pouring and mistakes to avoid to help make your works more successful, see my article Acrylic Pour Painting Tips: A List for Beginners. Using a hair dryer for pushing the paint she creates some remarkable expressionistic effects. This is the recipe I use, equal parts of acrylic paint and Elmer's glue. This step can take some practice to master, but with each painting you try, you'll discover what works best and how to improve with the next one. When paint is ready, add one to three drops of the Ogx serum depending on the amount of paint you’ve used. I'm glad you've found it helpful. Here is another demo of using a hairdryer for creating an expressionistic fluid artwork. There is only one way to find out – try one of these amazing acrylic pouring techniques and then proudly transform your home decor with your own amazing artwork! Thanks for visiting and for your comments. I’ll give you a supplies list, my personal paint mixing recipe, tips on creating the ever popular cells and tell you about different pouring methods. take metallic cobalt blue and a mixed combination of silver/metallic white-grey; mix up the white with just Floetrol and water; Winsor and Newton Professional Iridescent gold; Liquitex Pouring Medium was added to every cup, then diluted with water; 2 puddle pouring on a 36″x12″ canvas leaving some black white and black space on each end; Wilko UK Satin White interior house paint. A clean, dust-free space so dust or pet hair doesn't end up in the wet paint. Thank you. Before you can start, you'll need to get your supplies ready. You can either simply pour the paint in the center, use the flip cup method (video below), or pour the paint into stripes or swirls; there's no wrong way to do it! Go in one direction with the brush strokes (either across or up and down). Some people leave them as they are, others paint a picture on top. Lots of thing to buy. So much information. Have you ever wondered how to do a pour painting? Start this step right after your painting is on the cups or cans, while it's still wet. There is a special painting term for this called “crazing.”. Are you wondering how will your DIY abstract art look in the interior? I LOVED the results I got. It makes Paint Pouring art easy to use and perfect for beginners! Once the painting is dry, you can mix a small amount of pouring medium with a little paint and use a small paint brush to do some minor touch-ups on the edges. The supplies, recipe, and process shown here is one I’ve used to create pour paintings with bright colors and a glossy shine. It takes about a day for each coat of gesso to dry, so plan to do this in advance. Do I need to get silicone oil or a torch? I also like Krylon Kamar Varnish Spray, which is also glossy. Take the canvas (or other object) you’re about to paint on, flip it upside down and place it canvas-side down over the plastic cup. I'm glad you like it. a picture), or do you leave it as is? Thank you! Gonna use 5 colors. I am a fine artist painting in oil..landscapes usually. Paints suited for acrylic pouring are called: For this painting, I used Liquitex Professional Soft Body Acrylics because they're an artist quality paint available at most art supply stores. If you enjoy the acrylic pouring technique and want to have an assortment of supplies on hand so you can get creative and try different types of pours, see my article Essential Acrylic Pour Painting Supplies for Beginners for an expanded supply list. You're ready to make the paint flow. In acrylic pouring, a pouring medium is mixed with the paints to help them flow. Conduct a test using a very well mixed paint straight from the container. This time, brush in the opposite direction you went before. These canvases are so beautiful !! Even if you’ve never painted before and don’t consider yourself an artist, this technique is something anyone can do. I hope this helps. Your information was just The answer. Carrie Kelley (author) from USA on August 19, 2019: Hi Sylvia - I'm glad it's helpful to you. Liquid or soft body acrylics work best for the pouring technique. :), Hi Mary, Yes, it's a fun project. Carrie Kelley (author) from USA on March 24, 2019: Lynne - You're welcome. Thanks for your question. Below are a few art oils that artists can purchase at any art supplies store. Carrie Kelley (author) from USA on July 03, 2019: Ishi - I'm glad to hear it's been helpful to you. I think I missed something - at the end you have a list of types of pouring techniques, but I was wondering what this one is called? Essential Acrylic Pour Painting Supplies for Beginners, Acrylic Pour Painting Tips: A List for Beginners, What kind of paint is best for acrylic pour painting, How to prepare a canvas for acrylic pouring, Step-by-step instructions of how to do an acrylic pour painting, Fine Grain Sand Paper and Dust Mask (Optional). Gather your cups of paint, disposable gloves, paper towels, palette knife (or a few large wood craft sticks) in your workspace. Thanks for your comments. Titanium White is a heavy color that tends to pool if you add too much in one area. Acrylic pouring supplies for this painting. I am considering a large canvas pour as my first project...will I or won't I. :) Knowing I should start small is holding me back so I've got to make myself do it mentally first! I have premixed paints 2 oz bottles do I add my cell maker straight into the bottles or do I pour in cups? Create a glass imprint with run-off paint in the drip pan. Made ne much happier in trying this. What recommendations can you offer for cleaning measuring cups and other plastic or glass items with dried paint on them? Good descrption. Alternate as many times as you need, until all your acrylic paint has been added. This is just an example of direct pouring from a cup. In her artistic endeavor, she really extends acrylic pouring techniques on canvas beyond the common “pour and hope” approach. Thank you so such for an informative and precise guide. A true piece of art should always arouse some level of emotions, otherwise, it is just a decorative craft panel. Marijill Zembry-Williams on August 25, 2019: Can i do this on just wood panels and how would iprep them, A good friend has started doing this with her students. Just pick a favorite technique and pour. Add paint to your cup and mix in some 50/50 glue & water mixture, You're looking to get the consistency of melted ice cream, or a milkshake that has been in a hot car all day. The edges might need some additional touch-ups after the painting dries. What do art & hair have in common? For canvases like this, I brush on one coat of Liquitex Gloss Medium & Varnish. Thanks! It's fine if some paint goes over the edges but try not to let too much flow off until the canvas surface is fully covered. So that the white canvas does not show through anywhere, you should first coat it with black paint. I explain how to do this in the "Variations to the Pour Painting Recipe" section later in this article. Use leftover paint in the cup on a second piece of art. Hell, try cheap undercoat, it might work. Cover the wood bars of the canvas with painter's tape. Every time the paint mix touches canvas you will get a different result and will create something unique. I shall have to try it soon. Paint pouring art is so trendy right now, and I’ve been dying to try my hand at it for the last few months. Art inspiration for alcohol ink, resin art, tutorials for beginners, flip cup, swipe, dirty pour & more! Carrie Kelley (author) from USA on December 07, 2018: Hello K.C., You're welcome. Liquitex Basics Primary Yellow and Deep Violet. Thanks about the painting. Floetrol (2 parts) Distilled water (1 part; hard water and tap water with mineral content will act differently and change the way paint floats, so stick with distilled!) You can also use any leftover paint from your cups. This is optional, but if you'd like to do this, here's how: Painter's tape won't damage the canvas and can be peeled off once the painting is dry. There are no exact rules for this technique because of how many ways it can be done. Thank you so much. What do I need to put over my painting to seal it so you can use the coasters and not mess up the painting. I am keen on the cells. I have a canvas that is already painted. Great article. Pour painting is a great place for novice artists to start because it is so non-threatening and inviting. Fluid but not too thick and not too watery. The blow dryer! Here’s the paint and pouring medium recipe for this painting: Before getting started, cover your workspace with a plastic paint tarp, plastic sheeting or lawn size trash bags to keep your surface clean and make clean-up easier. However, the right recipe for adding silicone into your acrylic pouring mix will largely come down to experimentation. Rinse and dry the measuring spoon between each color. During this process, the top layer begins shrinking in size while the underlying layer stays expanded. mix up a deep blue-black; take metallic cobalt blue and a mixed combination of silver/metallic white-grey; add Floetrol to the last mix; add water and silicone; mix up the white with just Floetrol and water; Golden GAC 800 is an acrylic polymer medium that can be mixed with acrylic paints for pouring. The wet paint flowed and blended into this abstract water pattern. Cheers. I've been painting with acrylics since childhood and enjoy sharing tips about working in this versatile medium. A nice result which you can repeat at home on your own DIY canvas! 5. Add more paint to the blank areas and repeat the process until you get the desired look. The paint beneath your canvas is ideal for this. If you have a level, you can use it to check your canvas. …Silicone oil is a non-drying lubricant that works wonders on squeaky wheels but may produce unpredictable results inside the acrylic polymer and absorb dust particles over long periods of time. There can be no precise acrylic pouring recipe for each painting – this is the beauty of the pouring technique. The swirls and color blending happened on their own during the next step. I used Golden GAC 800 as the pouring medium for this painting because it has a nice balance of color separation and blending, which is the look I wanted to achieve. Do not pump the spout down all the way, drops are best achieved through applying light pressure to the spout. Thanks so much for your comments. 3 compulsory colors: metallic blue, purple, and yellow. Mely starts by showing some of her new pour paintings and explaining what techniques were used in each case. Thank you! Danny Clark, Low-Cost Acrylic Pouring Recipe with Lots of cells pour combine approximately 50% acrylic paint with 50% Floetrol. The consistency should be like liquid honey. Great teaching! Mix Acrylic Paint Titanium White with Artist Junior Vinyl Glue or Elmer’s Glue-All at a ratio of 1 : 1 and dilute with a little water. I would like to do a dirty flip cup pour. Well, for creating a museum-quality painting using acrylic pouring techniques on canvas, you definitely need to think about your color scheme and all the steps in the video. Floetrol is a paint additive found at your local Home Depot. Do you want to know the best acrylic pouring recipes? I am drawn to these pour paintings as they create awesome color effects. The heavy pigments and the fillers sink to the bottom and the binding resin goes to the top. Thank you. Step 5: Swirl the paint to cover the whole panel. More and more people are creating amazingly colorful artwork by simply pouring paint on canvas, using special yet simple techniques. While the practice of pouring artist paints is certainly not a new way to apply paint, achieving consistent results can be frustrating and costly. If you’re new to using gesso to prime a canvas, here are the basic steps: If you happen to see any brush strokes once this coat is dry, you can go over the surface lightly with some fine grain sand paper to smooth them out. Gesso is water soluble, so just wash your brush afterwards with brush soap (or dish soap for a sponge brush) and rinse well. You’re better off having extra left over than not having enough to completely cover your canvas. It's a different experience with each, but it's a fun project. Make sure your canvas is free of dust and dirt, then use the brush or sponge to apply a thin, even layer of gesso over the entire canvas surface and sides. If the paint is still dried on, I use a cotton pad or paper towel with 91% isopropyl alcohol and that usually works to break up the paint enough that it rubs off or can be scrubbed with soap and water. Carrie Kelley (author) from USA on December 06, 2018: Hello Aleta, You're welcome. Below is a list … Thanks! JOANN carries an entire paint pour line called Color Pour which is created by American Crafts. I am going to make ceramic tiles. I poured directly from each cup in random swirls over the entire canvas as shown in the images below. She adds a few drops of water in the Golden Fluid and then pours the paint on 26″x48″ cradled wood. Learn acrylic pour painting techniques for your prettiest DIY wall art ever! After you try a few paintings, you'll find what works best for you. Do you finish your painting off with anything? Just add a few drops of Spike Lavender essential oil (sold in art stores) to linseed or walnut oil like thousands of fine artists have been doing over 100s of years. To summarize, acrylic paint crazing can happen when your thick paint layer dries unevenly due to the lack of moisture in the air. They're very pigmented, so a small amount of paint goes a long way. They seem to omit crucial facts you need to know. All you need are are cups, any acrylic paint (Folk Art to Goldens will work here), mediums, silicone, and distilled water.

Does Shoprite Sell Phyllo Dough, Viandas Con Bacalao Guisado, Archaic Term For A High-spirited Horse, American Standard Vanity, The Dark Gallery Vietnam, Furinno Computer Desk 11181 Assembly Instructions, Chateau Morrisette Blackberry Wine, Gail Yovie And Nuno, Plane Truth Release Video, 200 Amp Breaker Box Wiring Diagram,