[42]  In addition, it was reported that about 60,000 nonprohibited firearms were voluntarily surrendered without compensation. [5]  The Australian Constitution does not contain any explicit gun ownership rights. In fact under Federal law a national gun registry is illegal and eight states also have bans on any gun registry. More on mass shootings: Why the AR-15 keeps appearing at America's deadliest mass shootings. The Australian government has begrudging and indirectly admitted the failure of their strict gun control laws, which included a gun buyback scheme that … “The number of homicide incidents involving a firearm decreased by 57 percent between 1989-90 and 2013-14,” the government crime trends report says. Manufactured under licence in Australia by Thales Australia. Four people were fatally shot in the city of Darwin. [107]  This bill contains provisions arising from the first agreed measure listed above.[108]. New Zealand's rapid decision to ban the semi-automatic weapons used in mosque massacres this month brings the country in line with countries that have stricter gun laws such as Australia… When the Left says that … This right is an auxiliary right that supports the right of individuals to defend themselves when provoked, resist oppression, and defend the country when need be. Australia tightened its gun laws after a mass shooting at Port Arthur in the state of Tasmania in 1996. There are at least four states and one district that have setup a registry for guns, the states are; California, Hawaii, Maryland, New York and the District of Columbia. Police said they believe the suspect used a shotgun that was stolen as far back as 1997. But Australia largely stopped gun violence with gun control laws. Prior to this incident, gun laws in Australia could be seen as relatively lenient, and there were large variations in the regulations across the six states and two mainland territories. Q: Did a recent study in Denmark show that face masks are useless for COVID-19? [82], Professor Alpers’ paper for a conference on firearms policy at Johns Hopkins University held in January 2013 discussed the buybacks and cited various studies of the impact of Australia’s firearms law reforms.[83]. “Australia’s 1996 gun law reforms were followed by more than a decade free of fatal mass shootings, and accelerated declines in firearm deaths, particularly suicides,” the authors of that study wrote. Update, Oct. 6: A reader took issue with our chart for homicides in Australia from 2008 to 2013, because we didn’t use a zero-based vertical axis.  While the number of firearms homicides has continued to decline, with 2001 recording the lowest number of firearms homicides during this period (n=47), the number of firearms suicides declined consistently from 1991 to 1998, but has since fluctuated. No. Those whomst opt to stay completely within the fence (law) (in this case, regarding concealed weapons) are the sheep. It’s also illegal to hurt or kill them. Federal gun restrictions in Canada indicate that a potential firearm owner is able to obtain a license, but only after completing a background check as well as a safety course. The agreed measures include . The fact is that Australian gun control laws are a joke. In the wake of the mass shooting in Las Vegas, which left dozens dead and hundreds wounded, a great number of people have laid the blame on America’s relatively lax gun laws and alleged unwillingness to adopt “common sense” gun control. Restricted firearms include certain types of handguns and long guns which require stricter requirements when compared to non-restricted. [i]n 1991 there were 629 firearm related deaths in Australia compared to 333 in 2001. There have been a number of studies … America's conservative movement should leave Australia's gun laws alone, a powerful United States Republican has declared ahead of a visit to Sydney this weekend. On April 28, 1996, a twenty-eight-year-old gunman armed with a semiautomatic rifle shot and killed thirty-five people and wounded eighteen others at several locations in and around Port Arthur, a popular tourist area in Tasmania, Australia.  The gunman survived and pleaded guilty to multiple homicides. This is a list of the equipment currently used by the Australian Army Armoured vehicles. TheCommonwealth Constitution and fi… The author has correctly highlighted that since the introduction of tough gun laws and firearm buybacks in Australia, we have not suffered a mass shooting of the likes of Port Arthur. As reported by the New York Times, the gunman, Stephen Craig Paddock, 64, used semi-automatic weapons outfitted with a “bump stock” device that allowed him to quickly fire multiple rounds at concertgoers from his luxury suite on the 32nd floor of the Mandalay Bay Resort and Casino. “Whether or not one wants to attribute the effects as being due to the law, everyone should be pleased with what happened in Australia after the NFA — the elimination of firearm massacres (at least up to the present) and an immediate, and continuing, reduction in firearm suicide and firearm homicide,” the authors write. Other activities relating to gun control laws in the states and territories in 2012 included the following: Prepared by Kelly Buchanan Accessibility | There have been multiple studies and reports over the years that provide statistics and analysis regarding various aspects of gun ownership and violence in Australia, including in relation to the impact of the 1996 reforms and buyback program.  The references below to both government and academic reports or studies are not intended to be exhaustive. The above resolutions were implemented through the passage of new or amending legislation and associated regulations by the states and territories. ABC News article - April 2016. murder and manslaughter) has declined by half between 1989–90 and 2009–10 from 24 to 12 percent.”  Recent reports have also examined the number of illicit firearms and firearm thefts in Australia.  Among the activities relating to gun control that took place in 2012 was the signing of a new intergovernmental agreement to tackle illicit firearms and firearms trafficking. The study found that face masks did not have a, horrific gun massacre at an outdoor country music concert in Las Vegas, “While 13 gun massacres (the killing of 4 or more people at one time) occurred in Australia in the 18 years before the NFA, resulting in more than one hundred deaths, in the 14 following years (and up to the present), there were no gun massacres.”, “In the seven years before the NFA (1989-1995), the average annual firearm suicide death rate per 100,000 was 2.6 (with a yearly range of 2.2 to 2.9); in the seven years after the buyback was fully implemented (1998-2004), the average annual firearm suicide rate was 1.1 (yearly range 0.8 to 1.4).”, “In the seven years before the NFA, the average annual firearm homicide rate per 100,000 was .43 (range .27 to .60) while for the seven years post NFA, the average annual firearm homicide rate was .25 (range .16 to .33).”, “[T]he drop in firearm deaths was largest among the type of firearms most affected by the buyback.”. Increase in Crimes Involving Alternative Weapons. Papers by other academic researchers relating to the impact of firearms law reforms include the following: In a more recent study by the authors of the 2007 discussion paper listed above, the distinctions between the Australian firearm buybacks and those in other countries were noted, including differences in scale, the fact that the policy was applied nationwide and was accompanied by a ban on particular weapons, differences in geography (i.e., the lack of land borders), and the absence of firearms manufacturing in Australia. The sale, possession, and use of firearms are regulated by the Australian states and territories, with cross-border trade matters addressed at the federal level.  In 1996, following the Port Arthur massacre, the federal government and the states and territories agreed to a uniform approach to firearms regulation, including a ban on certain semiautomatic and self-loading rifles and shotguns, standard licensing and permit criteria, storage requirements and inspections, and greater restrictions on the sale of firearms and ammunition.  Firearms license applicants would be required to take a safety course and show a “genuine reason” for owning a firearm, which could not include self-defense.  The reasons for refusing a license would include “reliable evidence of a mental or physical condition which would render the applicant unsuitable for owning, possessing or using a firearm.”  A waiting period of twenty-eight days would apply to the issuing of both firearms licenses and permits to acquire each weapon. That is Australia’s law. The numbers have varied since then, but there were 23 percent fewer homicides in 2013 than there were in 1996 — a slight improvement from our last report, which covered a 12-year period ending in 2007. AW50F United Kingdom: Anti-materiel rifle.50 BMG Last year, lobby group Gun Control Australia argued that gun control laws had been weakened by Australia's state governments since 1996. In New South Wales, legislation was enacted in June 2012 to place further restrictions on the sale and purchase of ammunition. Still, by 1996, every Australian jurisdiction had yawning gaps in their gun laws. Australia’s Gun Laws Are Not a Model for America. A tad logical though. Western Austr… We wrote at the time: “Have murders increased since the gun law change, as claimed? For the most recent year available (2009–10), handgun homicide comprised 13 percent of all homicides that were committed with a firearm (Chan & Payne forthcoming). The people who wanted access to guns would get them one way or another. Australia’s gun laws save lives – but are we now going backwards? Australia-(Ammoland.com)- Those who pushed for the severe restrictions on guns in Australian … a national campaign to raise community awareness about unlicensed firearms. [44]  One study on the impact of the buyback states that “[i]n terms of the absolute numbers of guns destroyed, Australia’s gun buyback ranks as the largest destruction of civilian firearms in any country over the period 1991–2006.”[45]  The buyback was reported to have resulted in the withdrawal of one-fifth of the stock of civilian firearms in the country and substantially reduced the number of households possessing a firearm. But Australia largely stopped gun violence with gun control laws. But many opponents of gun control argue that Australia was already a safe place, and that these gun laws didn't have any significant effect on gun violence in the decades that followed.. The study found that face masks did not have a large protective effect for wearers — not that masks provide no protection at all or don’t offer benefits to others. Imitation or replica of a bomb, grenade, rocket, missile or mine: unless approved by the Commissioner of Police. (Chan & Payne forthcoming). Gun Laws Firearms Act 1996. [101], In June 2012, federal, state, and territory governments reached an agreement on major reforms relating to combating the illicit firearms market. He wrote that “many studies … found strong evidence for a beneficial effect of the law.”. In June 2012, the ACC report on illicit firearms noted that there are more than 2.75 million registered firearms in Australia held by more than 730,000 individual license holders. a magazine/shot capacity that exceeds 10 rounds. Kirsty Magarey wishes to acknowledge the assistance of WiltrudHarms, Reference Specialist for United Nations and Human Rights Lawat the University of California, Berkeley's Law School Library(Boalt). National uniform gunlaws? America is arguably the easiest country to legally own a gun. We’ve rounded up some of the weirdest Australian laws that still exist today. introduction of nationally consistent regulation of the legal manufacture of firearms; the establishment of new offences or substantial penalties for matters relating to: the illegal possession and supply of firearms; conspiracy to commit interstate firearm wrongdoings; and. Since gun law reforms in 1996, Australia has … The restrictions and licensing requirements relating to the purchase, possession, and use of firearms (including imitation firearms) in Australia are currently controlled by the following state and territory instruments: 1. (In 2002-3, Australia's rate of 0.27 gun-related homicides per 100,000 people was one-fifteenth that of the U.S. “While 13 gun massacres (the killing of 4 or more people at one time) occurred in Australia in the 18 years before the NFA, resulting in more than one ... “In the seven years before the NFA (1989-1995), the average annual firearm suicide death … In 1989-90 it was 24 percent (n=75) of incidents.”. [46]Â, In July 2002, the APMC agreed to several resolutions aimed at controlling the illegal trade in firearms in Australia.  The National Firearm Trafficking Policy Agreement called for, In addition to subsequent changes to state and territory legislation in response to the resolutions, an amendment to the federal Criminal Code Act 1995 was enacted to make it a criminal offense, “in the course of trade and commerce between any states and territories, to illegally dispose of or acquire a firearm, or to take or send a firearm from one state or territory to another, intending that the firearm will be disposed of illegally.” [48], Later in 2002, on October 21, two people were killed and five injured as a result of a shooting incident in a classroom at Monash University in Melbourne, Victoria.  The gunman, who had been armed with several loaded handguns, was a licensed pistol owner and member of the Sporting Shooters Association of Australia.  He was later found not guilty of the murders on the grounds of mental impairment and sentenced to spend twenty-five years in a psychiatric hospital. [102]  The agreed measures include, The federal Minister for Home Affairs and Minister of Justice also proposed additional reforms for further consideration by the states and territories. This is the third mass shooting in Australia since the country enacted its tough-on-gun laws in 1996 after a deranged person killed 35 people in the Tasmanian territory with an AR-15. We also now provide a new chart (see below) that uses a zero-based vertical axis and combines the data from both charts. In 2002, Australia further tightened gun laws, restricting the caliber, barrel length and capacity for sport shooting handguns. Since 1992–93, firearm homicide as a proportion of all homicides has halved, continuing a general downward trend in firearm homicide that began in the early 1980s.”. [80]  His research found that, due to an increasing number of guns being imported into Australia, “Australians own as many guns now as they did at the time of the Port Arthur massacre, despite more than 1 million firearms being handed in and destroyed.”[81]  Alpers said that most of the new guns being imported are not military style semiautomatics and also that handguns are difficult to import.  He also claimed that there was little evidence to suggest that illegally imported weapons are a significant issue, with the main problem being criminals obtaining legal firearms that had been lost or stolen.  However, a police superintendent in New South Wales refuted this, saying that illegal imports are in fact a big challenge for police. Major Issues 2. They wouldn’t be mugging and raping, otherwise. [7]  The proposals emerged from earlier recommendations of the National Committee on Violence, which was established in 1988 following two mass killings in Melbourne involving high-powered rifles. By A. Odysseus Patrick. Australia made sweeping gun control measures after a man killed 35 people with a semi-automatic weapon in a popular tourist area of Port Arthur, in … [39]  This resolution was implemented through a national firearms buyback program, which saw the federal Parliament enacting the National Firearms Program Implementation Act 1996 (Cth). Since 1996, the number and rate of homicides — defined as murder and manslaughter — has fallen. An AIC report published in 1988 stated that there were at least 3.5 million privately owned guns of all types (including registered, unregistered, licensed, and unlicensed) in Australia, with more than a quarter of Australian households possessing a gun. nt.gov.au/Police/Firearms-Weapons/Firearms-licences-permits-information.aspx, http://www.police.act.gov.au/crime-and-safety/firearms.aspx, http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2012 C00724, http://www.customs.gov.au/site/page4372.asp, http://pandora.nla.gov.au/nph-wb/20000426130000/http://www.gun.law.gov.au/Guns/ legislation/10may resolut.htm, http://pandora.nla.gov.au/nph-wb/20000426130000/http://www.gun.law.gov.au/Guns/legislation/success.htm, http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2004 C00875, http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2004A05036, http://pandora.nla.gov.au/nph-wb/20000426130000/http://www.gun.law.gov.au/Guns/tally/tally.htm, http://www.anao.gov.au/uploads/documents/ 1997-98_Audit_Report_25.pdf. Donate Other states as listed below do not have an official gun registry but collect data on sales. au/news/breaking-news/government-launches-new-gun-intelligence-unit/story-fn3dxity-1226325158137, http://www.ministerhomeaffairs.gov.au/Mediareleases/Pages/2012/Fourth%20Quarter/28November2012Newlawstofightorganisedcrime.aspx, http://www.ministerhomeaffairs.gov.au/Speeches/Pages/2012/ Fourth%20Quarter/28November-2012-CrimesLegislationAmendment%28OrganisedCrimeandOtherMeasures% 29Bill2012SecondReadingSpeech.aspx, http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/nswbills.nsf/0/7D714D724CF1852DCA2579A4001B0B8C?Open&shownotes, http://www.heraldsun.com.au/ news/breaking-news/nsw-gun-body-rejected-law-changes-report/story-e6frf7kf-1226540783897, http://www. Legal | Similarly, there is no Constitutional right to own dogs, that are also controlled, not illegal. agd.sa.gov.au/about-agd/what-we-do/initiatives/gun-amnesty-campaign-2012, http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-11-01/record-haul-from-sa-gun-amnesty/4346204, http://statements.qld.gov.au/Statement/Id/80312, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/state-politics/gun-lobby-takes-aim-at-red-tape-hold-up/story -e6frgczx-1226459405120, http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/more-people-will-die-police-union-berates-gun-law-overhaul-20120827-24vdz.html, http://www.police.qld.gov.au/programs/weaponsLicensing/about/legislation/weaponsamendments2012.htm, http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/breaking-news/qld-govt-to-call-three-month-gun-amnesty/story-e6freono-1226508282676, http://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/work-of-assembly/ bills-and-legislation/current-bills-register. Jennifer Norberry wishes to acknowledge the assistance of BobBennett, Director, Law and Public Administration Group. Is this evidence that Australia’s laws reduced gun violence and homicides? Those reform efforts, known as the 1996 National Firearms Agreement (NFA), included two nationwide gun buybacks, voluntary surrenders, state … In 2009, we wrote an Ask FactCheck item for readers who wanted to know, “Did gun control in Australia lead to more murders there last year?” The answer at the time was “no,” and that’s still the case. There have been a number of studies … Australia has a population of about 25 million, with recent survey estimating between 200,000 and 350,000 recreational hunters in Australia. Firearms must also be registered, and owners must have a licence. While past studies have failed to draw any definite conclusions, this latest research demonstrates for the first time that the gun control laws did reduce deaths.. The chart below illustrates the number of homicides in Australia since our 2009 article. Two months after the event, Australia began putting in place a far-reaching set of gun laws. Following the Port Arthur massacre, the Howard Government (1996–2007), with strong media and public support, introduced uniform gun laws with the cooperation of all the states, brought about through threats to Commonwealth funding arrangements. NationalCommittee on Violence 5. In 1997, following an agreement at the July 1996 APMC meeting, the AIC established a national firearms monitoring program, which includes tracking and analyzing firearm theft information. a federal offense of aggravated firearms trafficking across national and state borders that would carry a maximum penalty of life imprisonment; the national rollout of the Australian Ballistics Identification Network, currently used by the Australian Federal Police and New South Wales Police; the establishment of a National Firearms Register; expansion of the ACC’s firearms tracing capability; an assessment of vulnerabilities around the national air stream, including the international mail environment, to be jointly conducted by the ACC, Australian Federal Police, Customs, and NSW Police; the development of a “coordinated national operational response to crimes involving firearms including targeted enforcement of high risk groups and improving firearms technical skills capabilities.”. Below is the chart that appeared in our 2009 Ask FactCheck article, showing a 20 percent decline in homicides from 1996 to 2007. [6]  The resolutions made at that meeting subsequently became the Nationwide Agreement on Firearms (commonly referred to as the National Firearms Agreement). A Project of The Annenberg Public Policy Center. International Law Division I The truth about gun ownership after Port Arthur. Military-StyleWeapons 4. national; politics; Australia’s gun laws are not as strict as they should be. Firearm Law. A right-wing party in Australia discussed softening the nation's strict gun laws as it sought donations from a US lobby group in a bid for greater political power, video recordings show. Gun law, gun control statistics, number of guns in South Australia, gun deaths, firearm facts and policy, armed violence, public health and development It replaced the Parker Hale Model 82 rifle in the late 1990s. [49]  The incident led to renewed debate about gun control laws, particularly in relation to handguns. "It's very easy to raise what-ifs," McPhedran counters. One study says that the program reduced the number of guns in private hands by 20 percent. The laws reduced guns in Australia by about one-fifth, with more than 700,000 guns removed and destroyed. America's conservative movement should leave Australia's gun laws alone, a powerful United States Republican has declared ahead of a visit to Sydney this weekend. [d]uring the early to mid-1990s, handguns accounted for less than 20 percent of all firearm homicides, but over the following 10 years this percentage increased to around 50 percent. Australia’s Gun Laws Are Not a Model for America. In all, more than 700,000 weapons were surrendered, according to a Library of Congress report on Australian gun policy. The law only stops those who abide by it from defending themselves. (Chan & Payne forthcoming). The resulting legislation raised the minimum age for buying a firearm or airgun from 14 to 17, extended controls to shotguns and other smooth-bore weapons with barrels shorter than 20 in (510 mm) (later raised by the Firearms Act 1968 to 24 in (610 mm), transferred certificates for machine guns to military oversight, regulated gun dealers, and granted chief constables the power to add conditions to … In that incident, a 28-year-old man, armed with a semi-automatic rifle, shot and killed 35 people, and injured 18 others, in what was known as the Port Arthur Massacre. It also instituted a mandatory buyback program for firearms banned by the 1996 law. For the most recent year available (2009–10), handgun homicide comprised 13 percent of all homicides that were committed with a firearm (Chan & Payne forthcoming). The AIC’s 1988 report found that one third of all reported murders in Australia were committed with firearms, with gunshot wounds being “the single most common cause of death among homicide victims” and with research showing that “guns substantially increase the probability that death, rather than injury, will be the end result of a firearm attack.”, A 2003 report on firearms-related deaths between 1991 and 2001 found that. Criminals don’t care if a knife is illegal. In December 2012, the New South Wales government announced that it had established a committee to provide advice on proposed new gun control legislation that would tighten restrictions in some areas. [41], The buyback program started in most states on October 1, 1996, and ended on September 30, 1997.  More than 640,000 prohibited firearms were surrendered nationwide as part of the buyback program. Then Prime Minister John Howard frequently referred to the United States to explain his opposition to civilian firearms ownership and use in Australia, stating that he did not want Australia to g… 6. Australia - Gun Facts, Figures and the Law. We thought it was time to update our 2009 article on Australian gun laws, because that story — which is now more than eight years old — has seen a sudden spike in traffic as a result of the horrific gun massacre at an outdoor country music concert in Las Vegas. [60]  The Australian Crime Commission (ACC) provides reports and analysis on aspects of nationally significant crime, and in February 2012 it was asked to undertake an intelligence assessment of the illegal firearms market. So, if guns were banned, or if we followed the path of Australia with strict gun laws, well, it doesn't seem possible. The law is a fence with large holes in it. In Queensland, the police minister established an advisory panel in August 2012 to examine gun laws and licensing with the aim of reducing red tape for licensed firearms owners, The Queensland government also introduced amending legislation in November 2012 to introduce new mandatory minimum penalties for weapons offenses “in an effort to address the unlawful use of firearms.”, Jennifer Norberry et al., After Port Arthur—Issues of Gun Control in Australia, Samantha Bricknell, Firearm Trafficking and Serious and Organised Crime Gangs, International Trends in Crime: East Meets West, Abigail Rath & Gareth Griffith, Firearms Regulation: An Update, Australian Customs and Border Protection Service, Australian National Audit Office, The Gun Buy-Back Scheme, Samantha Bricknell, Criminal Use of Handguns in Australia, Samantha Bricknell, Firearm Theft in Australia, Jenny Mouzos & Catherine Rushforth, Firearms Related Deaths in Australia, South Australia Attorney-General’s Department, 1996 National Firearms Agreement and Buyback Program, Appendix: Current State and Territory Firearms Legislation in Australia, Weapons Prohibition Regulation 2009 (NSW), Control of Weapons Regulations 2011 (Vic), Weapons Categories Regulations 1997 (Qld), http://www. an imitation of any firearm which requires a licence or permit under the Firearms Act, unless approved by the Commissioner of Police. Discussions about Australia’s gun laws have continued in 2012, including in response to some of the above reports and findings and following various incidents involving firearms. He killed nearly 60 people and wounded more than 500 others. The number of firearm-related homicides also has dropped substantially since the 1996 gun law was enacted. Gun laws are currently a major debate in America. At the federal level, the importation of firearms is subject to the restrictions in Regulation 4F and Schedule 6 of the Customs (Prohibited Goods) Regulations 1956 (Cth). 6, http://www.smh.com.au/news/opinion/tight-gun-controls-the-most-powerful-weapon/2006/04/26/1145861416502.html, http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/ Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BN/0708/FirearmsAustralia, http://andrewleigh.org/pdf/GunBuyback_Panel.pdf, http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2004A01078, http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2012C00913, http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/06/17/1087245033577.html, http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/10/22/1034561495101.html, http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/11/07/1036308423794.html, http://www.customs.gov.au/ webdata/resources/files/Mediaattachment021128.pdf, http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/hansart.nsf/V3Key/LC20030703014, http://www.comlaw.gov.au/ Details/F2002B00339, http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2004C01326, http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/legislation/billsdgs/7CE96/upload_binary/ 7CE96.pdf, http://www.aic.gov.au/about_aic/research_ programs/nmp/0002.html, http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/current% 20series/facts/1-20.html, http://www.aic.gov.au/crime_types/violence/weapons.html, http://www.jasonclare.com.au/media/portfolio-releases/home-affairs-and-justice-releases/ 949-final-report-of-the-national-investigation-into-the-illegal-firearms-market.html, http://www.aic.gov.au/documents/A/8/4/%7BA84819A6-AC46-4A82-A049-841A3F3A9730% 7Dti10.pdf, http://aic.gov.au/publications/current%20series/tandi/361-380/tandi361 .html, http://www.crimecommission.gov.au/ publications/crime-profile-series-fact-sheet/illicit-firearms, http://www.crimecommission.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/fact_sheets/Illicit %20Firearms%20FACT%20SHEET%20021112%20low%20res.pdf, http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/current%20series/mr/1-20/16.html, http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/ current%20series/tandi/261-280/tandi269/view%20paper.html, http://www.aic.gov.au/ publications/current%20series/facts/1-20/2011.html, http://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/ region/australia, http://www.gunpolicy.org/documents/doc_download/5337-alpers-australian-firearm-amnesty-buyback-and-destruction-totals, http://sydney.edu.au/news/84.html?newscategoryid=1&newsstoryid=10824, http://www.smh.com.au/national/australia-reloads-as-gun-amnesties-fail-to-cut-arms-20130113-2cnnq.html, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/aussies-own-as-many-guns-as-before-1996/story-e6frg6n6-1226553311691, http://www.smh.com.au/national/illegal-guns-are-not-a-problem-says-study-author--but-police-disagree-20130114-2cpt6.html, http://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/cp/australia, http://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/10/5/280.full, http://injuryprevention.bmj.com/ content/12/6/365.full, http://tobacco.health.usyd.edu.au/assets/pdfs/Other-Research/2006InjuryPrevent.pdf, http://armsandthelaw.com/archives/ GunLawsSudden%20DeathBJC.pdf, https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/45285/3/DP555.pdf, http://www.melbourneinstitute.com/downloads/working_paper_series/wp2008n17.pdf, http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/society-and-culture/why-do-we-need-any-more-semiautomatic-pistols-in-australia-20120417-1x5jh.html, http://www.ministerhomeaffairs.gov.au/Mediareleases/Pages/2012/Second%20Quarter/29-June-2012---Major-agreement-to-tackle-the-illegal-firearms-market.aspx, http://www.smh.com.au/it-pro/government-it/new-registry-to-keep-track-of-lost-guns-20120704-21gn4.html, http://www.ministerhomeaffairs.gov.au/Mediareleases/Pages/2012/Second%20Quarter/12-April-2012--Update-on-National-Illicit-Firearms-Assessment-and-Establishment-of-Firearms-Intelligence-and-Targeting-Team.aspx, http://www.theaustralian.com. 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